304 stainless steel is low carbon chromium
nickel stainless and heat resisting steel somewhat superior to Type 302 in
corrosion resistance.
321 stainless steel is known as stabilized
grades of stainless steel, is Chromium nickel steel containing titanium.
Recommended for parts fabricated by welding which cannot be subsequently
annealed. Also recommended for parts to be used at temperatures between 800°F
and 1850°F (427 to 816°C), have good properties resistance to intergranular
corrosion. The titanium element in 321 stainless steel makes it more resistant
to chromium carbide formation.
321
stainless steel is basically from 304 stainless steel. They different by a very
very small addition of Titanium. The real difference is their carbon content.
The higher the carbon content the greater the yield strength. 321 stainless
steel has advantages in high temperature environment due to its excellent
mechanical properties. Compared with 304 alloy, 321 stainless steel has better
ductility and resistance to stress fracture. In addition, 304L can also be used
for anti-sensitization and intergranular corrosion.
The
real problem with most headers/upipes is a difference in the coefficient of
thermal expansion (CTE) As you block gets hot it expands, as it cools it
contracts. What you want is a material that expands and contracts at the same
rate as your cast iron block. This allows the seals (gaskets/flanges) to undergo
less stress. Most leaks (besides improper installation) are caused by this
unmatched CTE. That is why stock exhaust manifold is cast iron, which really
meany it has a 2% or more carbon content.
321=(17-19Cr,
9-12Ni + Titanium)
As for the dual designation theory,
that is incorrect. L stands for low carbon.
304 L
grade Low Carbon, typically 0.035% Max
304 grade Medium Carbon,
typically 0.08% Max
Carbide
precipitation
The weld areas with
temperatures 930°F – 1470°F are often called carbide precipitation zone – in
which Chromium (Cr) combines with Carbon (C) and precipitates chromium carbides
at the grain boundaries significantly reducing corrosion resistance of steel in
this zone. One of the ways to combat this phenomenon is to lower the carbon
content in steel to decrease the carbide precipitation – 304L SS is an example
of such steel; the “L” in 304L is for “Lower carbon” (.030% max vs. .080% max
for 304 steel). Even more effective way against carbide precipitation is
addition of Titanium (Ti) to the alloy to “stabilize it”. The carbon is more
attracted to the Titanium (Ti) and therefore it leaves the chromium alone. To
be a true “stabilized” grade the 321 steel has to have Titanium (Ti) content at
least 5 times of Carbon’s (C). Reduced risk of corrosion in the HAZ is the main
advantage of 321.
Fatigue
strength
In dynamic applications,
fatigue strength is also important to consider. And in this respect 321
Stainless Steel has a slight advantage over 304 Stainless Steel. Fatigue or
endurance limits (strength in bending) of austenitic stainless steels in the
annealed condition are about one-half the tensile strength.Typical tensile and
endurance limits for these alloys (annealed) are presented in the
table below:
Alloy |
Typical Tensile Strength |
Typical Endurance Limit |
304L |
68 ksi |
34 ksi |
304 |
70 ksi |
35 ksi |
321 |
76 ksi |
38 ksi |
Temperature
Factors
Tempearture factors could
be another factor to consider in some aplications. As we can see in the table
below the temperature redaction factors are slightly higher for 321 than for
304L at most elevated temperatures:
Temperature °F |
304L Factor |
321 Factor |
|
|
|
70 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
150 |
0.95 |
0.97 |
200 |
0.91 |
0.95 |
250 |
0.88 |
0.93 |
300 |
0.85 |
0.91 |
350 |
0.81 |
0.89 |
400 |
0.78 |
0.87 |
450 |
0.77 |
0.85 |
500 |
0.77 |
0.83 |
600 |
0.76 |
0.80 |
700 |
0.74 |
0.76 |
800 |
0.73 |
0.68 |
900 |
0.68 |
0.59 |
1000 |
0.63 |
0.65 |
1100 |
0.58 |
0.59 |
1200 |
0.53 |
0.53 |
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