Chemical composition, mechanical properties of A890 grade 5A
Steel grades of 18CrNiMo7-6
Gear Materials
1-Types of Gear Materials
S45C (Carbon Steel for Structural Machine Usage)
Heat Treatment and Hardness
Heat Treatment | Hardness |
---|---|
None | less than 194HB |
Thermal Refining | 225 – 260HB |
Induction Hardening | 45 – 55HRC |
SCM440 (Chrome-molybdenum Alloy Steel)
Heat Treatment and Hardness
Heat Treatment | Hardness |
---|---|
Thermal Refining | 225 – 260HB |
Induction Hardening | 45 – 60HRC |
SCM415 (Chrome-molybdenum Alloy Steel)
SUS303 (Stainless Steel:18Cr-8Ni Stainless Steel)
Copper Alloy Casting
Worm gears |
2- Heat Treatments
What is Quenching?
What is Thermal Refining?
What is Induction Hardening?
What is Carburizing ?
What is Nitriding ?
Heat treatment of gears (Carburizing, Induction hardening, Nitriding)
- Carburizing
- Induction hardening
- Nitriding
1. Carburizing
2. Induction hardening
3. Nitriding
Table: Types of Gear Materials
The table lists the mechanical properties and characteristics of gear materials most commonly used.JIS Material No. : S15CK
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 490
Elongation (%) More than : 20
Drawability (%) More than : 50
Hardness HB : 143-235
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Low-carbon steel. High hardness obtained by Carburizing.
Material : Carbon Steel for Structural Machine Usage
JIS Material No. : S45C
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 690
Elongation (%) More than : 17
Drawability (%) More than : 45
Hardness HB : 201-269
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Most commonly used medium-carbon steel. Thermal refined / induction hardened.
Material : Alloy steel for Machine Structural Use
JIS Material No. : SCM435
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 930
Elongation (%) More than : 15
Drawability (%) More than : 50
Hardness HB : 269-331
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Medium-carbon alloy steel (C content: 0.3-0.7%). Thermal refined and induction hardened. High strength (High bending strength / High surface durability). Used in gear manufacturing, except for worm gear.
Material : Alloy steel for Machine Structural Use
JIS Material No. : SCM440
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 980
Elongation (%) More than : 12
Drawability (%) More than : 45
Hardness HB : 285-352
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Medium-carbon alloy steel (C content: 0.3-0.7%). Thermal refined and induction hardened. High strength (High bending strength / High surface durability). Used in gear manufacturing, except for worm wheels.
Material : Alloy steel for Machine Structural Use
JIS Material No. : SNCM439
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 980
Elongation (%) More than : 16
Drawability (%) More than : 45
Hardness HB : 293-352
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Medium-carbon alloy steel (C content: 0.3-0.7%). Thermal refined and induction hardened. High strength (High bending strength / High surface durability). Used in gear manufacturing, except for worm wheels.
Material : Alloy steel for Machine Structural Use
JIS Material No. : SCr415
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 780
Elongation (%) More than : 15
Drawability (%) More than : 40
Hardness HB : 217-302
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Low-carbon Alloy Steel (C content below 0.3%). Surface-hardening treatment applied (Carburizing, Nitriding, Carbo-nitriding, etc.) High strength (Bending strength / Surface durability).
Material : Alloy steel for Machine Structural Use
JIS Material No. : SCM415
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 830
Elongation (%) More than : 16
Drawability (%) More than : 40
Hardness HB : 235-321
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Low-carbon Alloy Steel (C content below 0.3%). Surface-hardening treatment applied (Carburizing, Nitriding, Carbo-nitriding, etc.) High strength (Bending strength / Surface durability).
Material : Alloy steel for Machine Structural Use
JIS Material No. :SNC815
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 980
Elongation (%) More than : 12
Drawability (%) More than : 45
Hardness HB : 285-388
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Low-carbon Alloy Steel (C content below 0.3%). Surface-hardening treatment applied (Carburizing, Nitriding, Carbo-nitriding, etc.) High strength (Bending strength / Surface durability).
Material : Alloy steel for Machine Structural Use
JIS Material No. : SNCM220
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 830
Elongation (%) More than : 17
Drawability (%) More than : 40
Hardness HB : 248-341
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Low-carbon Alloy Steel (C content below 0.3%). Surface-hardening treatment applied (Carburizing, Nitriding, Carbo-nitriding, etc.) High strength (Bending strength / Surface durability).
Material : Alloy steel for Machine Structural Use
JIS Material No. : SNCM420
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 980
Elongation (%) More than : 15
Drawability (%) More than : 40
Hardness HB : 293-375
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Low-carbon Alloy Steel (C content below 0.3%). Surface-hardening treatment applied (Carburizing, Nitriding, Carbo-nitriding, etc.) High strength (Bending strength / Surface durability).
Material :Rolled Steel for General Structures
JIS Material No. : SS400
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 400
Elongation (%) More than : –
Drawability (%) More than : –
Hardness HB : –
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Low strength. Low cost.
Material :Gray Cast Iron
JIS Material No. : FC200
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 200
Elongation (%) More than : –
Drawability (%) More than : –
Hardness HB : Less than 223
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Low strength than steel. Suitable for bulk production.
Material : Nodular Graphite Cast Iron
JIS Material No. : FCD500-7
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 500
Elongation (%) More than : 7
Drawability (%) More than : –
Hardness HB : 150-230
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Ductile Cast Iron with high strength. Used in the manufacturing of large casting gears.
Material : Stainless Steel
JIS Material No. :SUS303
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 520
Elongation (%) More than : 40
Drawability (%) More than : 50
Hardness HB : Less than 187
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Has more machinability than SUS304. Increases seizure resistant.
Material : Stainless Steel
JIS Material No. : SUS304
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 520
Elongation (%) More than : 40
Drawability (%) More than : 60
Hardness HB : Less than 187
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Most commonly used stainless Steel. Used for food processing machines etc.
Material : Stainless Steel
JIS Material No. : SUS316
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 520
Elongation (%) More than : 40
Drawability (%) More than : 60
Hardness HB : Less than 187
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Has corrosion resistance against salty seawater, better than SUS304.
Material : Stainless Steel
JIS Material No. : SUS420J2
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : 540
Elongation (%) More than : 12
Drawability (%) More than : 40
Hardness HB : More than 217
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Martensitic stainless steel, quenching can be applied.
Material : Stainless Steel
JIS Material No. : SUS440C
Tensile Strength N/mm2 More than : –
Elongation (%) More than : –
Drawability (%) More than : –
Hardness HB : More than 58HRC
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : High hardness can be obtained by quenching. High surface durability.
Material : Nonferrous Metals
JIS Material No. : C3604
Tensile Strength N/mm2 : 335
Elongation (%) More than : –
Drawability (%) More than : –
Hardness HB : More than 80HV
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Free-Cutting Brass. Used in manufacturing of small gears.
Material : Nonferrous Metals
JIS Material No. : CAC502
Tensile Strength N/mm2 : 295
Elongation (%) More than : 10
Drawability (%) More than : –
Hardness HB : More than 80
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Phosphor bronze casting. Suitable for worm wheels.
Material : Nonferrous Metals
JIS Material No. : CAC702
Tensile Strength N/mm2 : 540
Elongation (%) More than : 15
Drawability (%) More than : –
Hardness HB : More than 120
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Aluminum-bronze casting. Used for worm wheels etc.
Material : Engineering Plastics
JIS Material No. : MC901
Tensile Strength N/mm2 : 96
Elongation (%) More than : –
Drawability (%) More than : –
Hardness HB : 120HRR
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Used for machined gears. Lightweight. Anti-rust.
Material : Engineering Plastics
JIS Material No. : MC602ST
Tensile Strength N/mm2 : 96
Elongation (%) More than : –
Drawability (%) More than : –
Hardness HB : 120HRR
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Used for machined gears. Lightweight. Anti-rust.
Material : Engineering Plastics
JIS Material No. : M90
Tensile Strength N/mm2 : 62
Elongation (%) More than : –
Drawability (%) More than : –
Hardness HB : 80HRR
Characteristics, heat treatments applied : Used for injection-molded gears. Suitable for bulk production at low cost. Applied for use with light load.
ASTM A387 Grade 11: Chemical Composition, Properties, Equivalent grades
Introduction
The ASTM A387
specification is the Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy
Steel, Chromium-Molybdenum intended primarily for use in welded boilers and
pressure vessels designed for elevated temperature service.
Chrome Molybdenum steel
plate, also known as Chrome Moly, is a versatile material widely used in
various industries, including the oil and gas industry, nuclear industry, and
fossil fuel power stations. The addition of molybdenum in the alloy composition
enhances its strength and enables it to withstand higher working temperatures,
while the presence of chromium enhances its corrosion resistance and resistance
to oxidation.
The superior temperature
tensile strength and anti-corrosive properties of Chrome Moly make it an ideal
choice for applications involving saltwater exposure.
Equivalent steel grades
ASTM A387 Grade 11 equivalent steel grades:
Country |
USA |
USA |
European |
UK
(British Standard) |
Standards |
ASTM |
ASME |
EN
10028 |
BS |
Grade |
A387
Grade 11 |
SA387
Grade 11 |
13CrMoSi5-5 |
621B |
Chemical
Composition
The chemical composition
of AISI A387 grade 11 alloy steel is as follows:
Element Content (%)
Iron, Fe 96.16-97.6
Chromium, Cr 1.0-1.50
Silicon, Si 0.50-0.80
Manganese, Mn 0.40-0.65
Molybdenum, Mo 0.45-0.65
Carbon, C 0.050-0.17
Phosphorous, P 0.035
Sulfur, S 0.035
Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties
of AISI A387 grade 11 alloy steel are as follows:
Tensile strength 515-690
Mpa/ 74700-100000 psi.
Yield strength 310 Mpa/
45000 psi.
Rupture strength (@575
°C, time 3.60e+8 sec/1070 °F, time 100000 hour) 37.0 - 48.0 Mpa/ 5370 - 6960
psi
Elastic modulus 190-210 Gpa/
27557-30458 ksi.
Poisson's ratio 0.27-0.30.
Elongation at break (In
50 mm) 22.00%.
Applications
ASTM A387 Grade 11 steel is characterised by good weldability. ASTM A387 Grade 11 steel is used for manufacturing boilers, pressure vessels and pipes for the transportation of hot liquids. ASTM A387 Grade 11 steel also offer good properties at high and low temperatures. ASTM A387 Grade 11 steel is always supplied in the normalised and tempered condition.
ASTM A278 class 35C Properties and Aplications
ASTM A278 class 35C
is a grade of carbon steel and low alloy steel castings that has a minimum
tensile strength of 35,000 psi (240 MPa), a minimum yield strength of
22,000 psi (150 MPa), and a minimum elongation of 22%. This grade of cast steel
is commonly used in general-purpose applications that require good strength and
toughness, as well as resistance to wear and corrosion.
In ASTM A278, the letter
"C" following the numerical value, such as "35C", indicates
that the material is a carbon steel casting. The "C"
designation is used to distinguish carbon steel castings from other types of
castings, such as alloy steel or stainless-steel castings, which may have
different chemical compositions and mechanical properties.
In the case of ASTM A278
class 35C, the material is a carbon steel and low alloy steel casting with a
minimum tensile strength of 35,000 psi, a minimum yield strength of 22,000 psi,
and a minimum elongation of 22%. The specific chemical composition of the
material includes carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and potentially
other trace elements.
Note:
It is important to note
that ASTM A278 class 35C is a grade of carbon steel and low alloy steel
castings, not gray iron. Gray iron is a different type of cast iron that is
characterized by its gray color, which is due to the presence of graphite flakes
in the microstructure.
ASTM A278 does include
several grades of gray iron castings, including classes 30, 35, and 40. These
grades of gray iron have different mechanical properties and are used in a
variety of applications, such as engine blocks, gears, and machine tool bases.
Compared to gray iron,
steel castings such as ASTM A278 class 35C typically have higher strength and
toughness, as well as better resistance to wear and corrosion. The specific
choice of material will depend on the specific requirements of the application,
including the operating conditions, the design of the component, and the
required properties of the material.
Equivalent grades
There are several
equivalent grades to ASTM A278 class 35C, which may vary depending on the
country or region. Some of the equivalent grades are:
- BS3100 grade A4
- DIN 1681 grade GS45
- EN 10293 grade G35
Chemical composition
The chemical composition
of ASTM A278 class 35C castings typically includes:
- Carbon (C): 0.25% max
- Manganese (Mn): 0.70-1.00%
- Silicon (Si): 0.15-0.50%
- Phosphorus (P): 0.035% max
- Sulfur (S): 0.040% max
Additionally, this grade
of cast steel may also contain trace amounts of other elements, such as copper
(Cu), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr), depending on the specific composition and
intended application.
The properties of ASTM
A278 class 35C castings are determined by a combination of its chemical
composition, microstructure, and processing conditions. Generally, this grade
of cast steel exhibits good strength, toughness, and wear resistance, as well
as good machinability and weldability. However, the exact properties of the
material can vary depending on the specific casting process and heat treatment
used, as well as the quality of the casting itself.
Mechanical properties
The mechanical
properties of ASTM A278 class 35C castings are specified in the ASTM A278
standard. The typical mechanical properties of this grade of cast steel are:
- Tensile strength: minimum 35,000 psi
(240 MPa)
- Yield strength: minimum 22,000 psi
(150 MPa)
- Elongation: minimum 22%
- Hardness: maximum 217 Brinell (HB)
It is important to note
that the actual mechanical properties of the casting may vary depending on
factors such as the casting process, section size, cooling rate, and heat
treatment. The mechanical properties of the casting can be tested and verified
through various methods such as tensile testing, impact testing, and hardness
testing. The specific mechanical properties required for a particular
application will depend on the operating conditions and the design requirements
of the component.
Applications
ASTM A278 class 35C
castings are commonly used in a variety of general-purpose applications
that require good strength, toughness, and resistance to wear and corrosion.
Some of the typical applications of this grade of cast steel include:
- Valves: ASTM A278 class 35C castings
are commonly used in the manufacturing of valve bodies, stems, and other
components that require good mechanical properties and resistance to wear
and corrosion.
- Fittings: This grade of cast steel is
also used in the manufacturing of fittings such as pipe elbows, tees, and
reducers, which are used in various piping systems.
- Flanges: ASTM A278 class 35C castings
are often used in the manufacturing of flanges, which are used to connect
piping systems and other equipment.
- Pump, and compressor components: This grade of cast
steel is also used in the manufacturing of casings, impellers, and
other components that require good strength and resistance to wear and
corrosion.
- Mining equipment: ASTM A278 class 35C
castings are commonly used in the manufacturing of various mining
equipment such as dragline buckets, excavator buckets, and crusher liners.
Overall, ASTM A278 class
35C castings are widely used in various industrial applications that require
good mechanical properties and resistance to wear and corrosion. The specific
application of this grade of cast steel will depend on a variety of factors,
including the operating conditions, the design of the component, and the
required properties of the material.
SA240 gr 321 Properties and Aplications
SS 321 Plate
Equivalent grades
JIS G4304 |
ASTM |
UNS |
KS |
EN10095 |
AS |
CNS |
SUS321 |
321 |
S32100 |
STS321 |
1.4541 |
321 |
321 |
Chemical composition:
Type |
Grade |
|
|||||||
ASTM (A240M) |
Others (JIS) |
C |
Si |
Mn |
P |
S |
Ni |
Cr |
|
Austenitic Steels |
|||||||||
321 |
SUS321 |
≤0.08 |
≤0.75 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.045 |
≤0.030 |
9.0/12.0 |
17.0/19.0 |
Titanium (Ti): a
minimum of 5 times the carbon (C) content, but not more than 0.70%.
Physical
Properties
Grade |
Density (kg/m3) |
Elastic Modulus (GPa) |
Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (μm/m/°C) |
Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K) |
Specific Heat 0-100 °C (J/kg.K) |
Electrical Resistivity (nΩ.m) |
|||
0-100 °C |
0-315 °C |
0-538 °C |
at 100 °C |
at 500 °C |
|||||
321 |
8027 |
193 |
16.6 |
17.2 |
18.6 |
16.1 |
22.2 |
500 |
720 |
Mechanical
Properties
Type |
Mechanical
Properties for Stainless Steel Plates, Stainless Steel Sheet |
||||||||
ASTM (A240M) |
Others (JIS) |
Tensile
Properties |
Hardness |
||||||
Yield
Strength (Mpa) |
Tensile
Strength (Mpa) |
Elongation
(%) |
HBW |
HRBW |
|||||
Austenitic Steels |
|||||||||
321 |
SUS321 |
≥205 |
≥515 |
≥40 |
≤217 |
≤95 |
|||
SA240 gr 321 has good corrosion
resistance in environments containing nitric acid and organic salts. It also
has good high-temperature strength and can be used at temperatures up to
approximately 900 degrees Celsius.
Applications of SA240 gr 321 include:
- Components in the chemical and
petrochemical industry
- Equipment in thermal power
plants and nuclear power plants
- Heat-resistant equipment in the
food and pharmaceutical industry
- Applications in the medical
field, such as in dental equipment.